Industrial process heating operations are responsible for more than any other of the manufacturing 24 sector’s energy demand, accounting for approximately 70% of manufacturing sector process energy end 25 use. There are a wide range of process heating unit operations, and associated 26 equipment, that are to achieve important materials transformations such as heating, drying, curing, 27 phase change, etc. that are fundamental operations in the manufacture of most consumer and industrial 28 products including those made out of metal, plastic, rubber, concrete, glass, and ceramics. Energy is 29 supplied from a diverse range of sources, and includes a combination of electricity, steam, and fuels 30 such as natural gas, coal, biomass and fuel oils.